Let’s review again the first type of topic sentence—one that makes assertions. This type of topic sentence sets up the writer to prove his or her assertion in the remainder of the paragraph. Below are some of the examples introduced before.
The quantity and quality of earnings were satisfactory.
Procedures for identifying and reporting performance status classifications continued to need improvement.
The second type of topic sentence—a summary or overview—is simply explanatory. Below, review our examples from before.
The audit had four objectives.
The District consists of only three large multi-State associations.
Look at the topic sentence below. Is this an assertion or a summary type topic sentence?
The cybersecurity plans of the U.S. banking system are extremely flawed.
If you guessed it’s an assertion, then you are correct. It expresses the writer’s attitude toward the subject and requires the writer to prove that the plans are flawed.
Regardless of the type of topic sentence, the major characteristic of a good topic sentence is that it invites development—that is, it invites elaboration and further discussion. The difference between a topic sentence and a support sentence is that a topic sentence (1) is more general and (2) allows for development. A topic sentence leads readers to expect details that will support the controlling idea.
Guidelines for effective topic sentences:
Keep it general enough to warrant development.
Make it more general than other sentences in the paragraph.
Make sure the controlling idea is focused.
Keep it relatively short.
Topic sentences in FCA paragraphs are generally good, but when a problem occurs, it is typically this:
The topic sentence provides too much detail and is too long.
A topic sentence is a generalization and should not include a high degree of specificity.
Cramming too much information into any sentence dilutes its focus and emphasis. To create strong, emphatic topic sentences, keep them relatively short, like these:
Concentrations in loans to large borrowers elevated risk.
Board and management efforts to address problems have been effective.
This next one is OK—but a topic sentence shouldn’t be longer than this:
A variety of policy related weaknesses detracted from otherwise satisfactory direction and control provided by the board and management.
This one provides a little too much detail:
The bank’s financial condition and performance improved but remained unsatisfactory primarily because portfolio risk was excessive in relation to capital and risk funds.
And this one definitely inserts too much detail:
The information systems environment was satisfactory overall, but the examination disclosed some modest weaknesses that detracted from the overall effectiveness of the control environment.
Here are 4 candidates for the topic sentence of a paragraph—in order of length. Notice how the shorter versions are also more emphatic because as readers we focus on the key terms.
A number of factors may be responsible for the loan volume growth, including a generally healthy economy, stable interest rates, and positive producer expectations, which have induced more credit demand.
A number of factors may be responsible for the loan volume growth, including a generally healthy economy, stable interest rates, and positive producer expectations.
A number of factors may be responsible for the loan volume growth.
Loan volume increased for a number of reasons.
If possible, we also want to use strong action verbs in topic sentences—verbs like “increased,” “enhanced,” and “developed” rather than “to be” forms like “is,” “are,” and “been.”